The Friends concern for criminal justice has existed since early times, in part, it is said, because so many of us spent so much time in jail. Be that as it may, Friends in Pennsylvania’s Holy Experiment established penitentiaries as places to do penitence, particularly in solitary confinement where one could be alone with her or his conscience. One hundred years later Elizabeth Fry was active in Newgate prison, teaching the women useful skills (the picture above is prominent in ma ny Meeting Houses).

In what follows you will find short descriptions of ways the concern for those caught up in the justice system is being advanced by Friends in Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. They range from individuals ministering locally by visiting those in prison as with Deborah Saunders of Cropwell Meeting, to The Alternatives to Violence Project, which was begun by Friends in New York State and is now international in scope. Except for the piece on Deborah Saunders, which was taken from the Camden Courier-Post, each description was written by one of the participants in the program, which accounts for the very different styles.

The editor has altered the e-mail addresses to make then resistant to programs that harvest such addrersses for spam.

Activist: Society must nurture, not vilify, inmates
from the Camden Courier-Post  Saturday, February 26, 2005

Deborah Saunders doesn't like the words "inmate" or "prisoner." She compares it to the word "slave." She believes those words dehumanize the people spending time behind bars. So when she visits with the men and women living in area prisons, she calls them "chiefs" and "queens." She calls the women "my sisters," and the men, "my brothers." Regardless of how they arrived in jail, the Lindenwold woman wants them to know they still have a future. They are important. They matter.

They matter so much to the 53-year-old she is devoting herself full time to the prison ministry. Last year, she left her job as director of admissions and recruitment for the Pendle Hill Center for Study and Contemplation in Pennsylvania. Her tiny congregation, the Cropwell Society of Friends, is supporting her through the summer.

She has an unusual background, as Quakers go. A single mother raising a daughter, she was a member of a Pentecostal church until 1986 when she felt drawn to the silence of the Quaker meetings. She was also attracted to the Quakers because of the group's early involvement in the abolitionist movement.

Through her work with the Quakers, she was sent by the American Friends Service Committee to serve as an election observer for the first democratic elections held in South Africa. She later founded the FIHANKRA Project Inc., a nonprofit organization to promote reconciliation between the United States and Ghana. That work led her to be named a "queen mother" at the National House of Chiefs in Ghana, a country which adopted her as a daughter. The honor is not in name only; it has shaped the way Saunders views herself. As a queen mother, she said, her role is to nurture her people.

As such, she has adopted the men and women behind bars, more than 60 percent of whom are black like her. It is her answer to the Great Commission in the Gospel of Matthew, part of which urges Christians to visit the prisons. Last March, she regularily began visiting prisons in the Delaware Valley at her own expense. She is frequently invited to speak at the prisons, too. Her audience varies: 300 men at a Newark education facility or 57 women at Philadelphia's Riverside Correctional Facility. Soon, she also will mentor just one person trying hard to adjust to life outside prison walls, work that is part of the Camden Safer Cities Initiative.

She doesn't use a script, but speaks to her people as the spirit moves her.

"I tell them they are the chiefs and queens of their communities and they have an obligation to care for their communities and the next generation," Saunders said. "Our ancestry is from those who chose to survive the worst holocaust that this nation has ever known. And they have an obligation to take deep strong steps so the children following behind them will know how to go."

The U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery, unless someone is convicted of a crime, Saunders said. "That's what the 13th Amendment says. And will they be the source of our going back into slavery in the 21st century? It can't be," Saunders said.

The biggest challenge is what happens when people are released, Saunders said. One woman told Saunders she was afraid to leave jail because she didn't want to go back to the life she had before.

"That just broke my heart," Saunders said.

They need better support, job training, college scholarships, job offers and opportunities on the outside, she said. They need a network of people to help them, just as there once was along the Underground Railroad.

Saunders said she is looking for allies among churches, mosques, synagogues, anyone willing to serve as stations to help. She dreams of establishing a place of refuge for prisoners who are released, a place where they can get back on their feet. She also is looking for long-term support for her own work. That work is crucial, said Tonya McClary, national director of the American Friends Service Committee's Criminal Justice Program.McClary has gone behind bars to hear Saunders speak. One woman told McClary, "Until Deborah came, I never saw myself as a queen. I never saw myself as valuable."

Saunders' message of encouragement is not just for people of her own race, said McClary. "She really tries to empower everyone. It's really about impacting all of the people." It's important they know someone cares about them, Saunders said, that someone believes they have potential, that they are beautiful, smart, talented and able to succeed. "They are in my heart," Saunders said. "I hold them like I would hold my own son or daughter."

HOW TO HELP
Deborah Saunders can be reached at (856) 435-1645 or at fihankraproject(at)aol.com.

Southern State Correctional Facility -Friends Ministry
By Roshan Dinshah

Southern State is a New Jersey State Medium Security Prison situated on NJ Route 47 in Maurice River Township (Cumberland County). It was opened in 1983 when only the first of its two "Phases" (now "Compounds") was complete. Approximately 600 inmates initially resided there. Lois Dinshah led Behavior Modification classes as a volunteer there soon after its opening. There are now about 2,000 inmates including the Minimum Unit and Drug Treatment Center outside its razor wire enclosure.

Michael & Barbara Preston, Bill Geary, and Lois Dinshah started Quaker Worship Services at Southern State on Wednesday, September 30,1987 in Phase I. Michael, Bill, and Lois were members of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting's Criminal Justice Committee then. At the first meeting, there were 23 inmates present-apparently a large percentage just out of curiosity .Many fundamentalist Christians were in the group posing questions about the roots of Quakers. Michael, being a consummate Biblical scholar, was able to reach them in their own language.

Originally it was planned to meet every other week, but because of the reception that was immediately adjusted to a weekly gathering. Meeting time was from 8:00 to 9:30 P.M. every Wednesday evening. After that meeting, attendance fluctuated from about 3 to 12. At least one half-hour of silent worship was attempted but with a constant turnover of participants it often was not realized. Our time for the last few years has been reduced to one hour by cuts in the staff.

Roshan Dinshah retired from his secular occupation in 1988 and was welcomed by Supervising Chaplain David Wilson as a volunteer counselor for inmates. He established a Quaker worship service in the Minimum Unit the next year; it met on Tuesday evenings and had from 2 to 5 participants, existing for about 3 years when it closed for lack of time to maintain it. It was reactivated in the newly constructed Drug Treatment Center in 2003 at the request of an inmate moving there from Compound A (formerly Phase I). It has now moved back to Minimum Unit where it averages 3 inmates attending, from 6:00 to 7:00 on Wednesday evenings.

Those inmates working with Roshan in individual. counseling often become attracted to the Quaker Worship and vice versa.

Whatever the difficulties-several volunteers have been relieved of their permission to enter-it is eminently worthwhile. As Lois wrote many years ago, "There is a feeling of caring and concern among the group " , and one of the men attending the first meeting back in 1987 said, "I hope you will be patient with us. We do appreciate you taking your time to come to share with us". We find that there is a spiritual hunger in prison inmates just as in the population outside the walls. Feeding that hunger should be high on our agenda. It is possible to make a great and positive difference in the lives of those behind bars-not to mention the corresponding positive ripple effect that is created in society when they are released.

Third Haven Friends Meeting Prison Action Program
By Anne Rouse

The prison action program under the care of Third Haven Meeting in Easton, Maryland ministers to inmates of the Talbot County Detention Center. It has evolved over a period of time beginning in 1994 when it grew out of a concern of Kristen Hawkinson who felt inmates should be given the opportunity to get something positive out of the time spent in detention.  Kristen brought her concern to the meeting and it was approved.  The program is now under the care of the Testimonies and Concerns Committee of Third Haven Monthly Meeting. Early grant support was received in the amount of ten thousand dollars which went to buy four computers (with software).

The program was established to prepare the inmates for the Graduate Equivalency Diploma exam (GED). The people working on this are primarily associated with the Meeting.  There were – and still are – several members and attenders of the Meeting serving as teachers, and there are others from the Unitarian Universalist church who take part, coming to us as friends of Friends.

There are separate classes for men and women. Thus far, 18 have passed the GED. It is hard to say how many have taken advantage of the program.  They kinda “drop in and out.”  It is furthered complicated by the fact that this is a short-term facility and they are here less than a year.  Unfortunately, we do have repeaters.

They went through the warden originally to establish the project, but now deal with the Program Director. Easton is a very conservative community. The warden sees little need for “extras” and has been reluctant to give the “clients” (as the program director calls them) time off or any other kind of credit for attending classes.  The Program Director realizes the value of that we are doing and is very supportive.

 One of the teachers, Ralph Young, felt that reading would re-enforce the efforts in the classroom.  With that in mind, he organized a library out of the small collection of books that the detention center had.  He solicited book donations and we now have 5000 books in the library; and are running out of space.  This is the piece of the project that I have been involved with.  While I have little interaction with the jail population, I do feel I am contributing by accessioning the books and checking them in and out. It is unfortunate that we cannot allow the inmates access to the books – there are inventories in each of the housing units and the inmates order the books they want.  They are allowed two at a time, but cannot have more until those are returned.  (That’s the only way we’d get them back.)

Ralph has also started classes to teach the inmates job skills and how to operate in the world of work; i.e., how to dress, show up on time, etc.  He is also involved in setting up post release support.  When asked why he took this on, Ralph cited the horrific recidivism rate (80 –90%) and virtually no rehabilitation services for the offender/ex-offender population.  “We hope that a new program we are starting called Talbot Second Chance will help the ex-offender make a successful transition to living a productive life.”

Work in Susquehanna Quarter

There are several projects in the area of Susquehanna Quarterly Meeting in the north central area of Pennsylvania. Three of them are described below. Prominent among these is the Clemency Project, which is supported by Susquehanna Quarterly Meeting, described below by Arthur Clark, staff for the project. The clerk of the Working Group which has oversight is Jane Keller of Pennsdale Meeting. Immediatly below she describes (briefly, and in all humility) her own work in this area. Barry and Juanita Bishop, who Jane mentions, are two other Pennsdale Friends. I include Jane's e-mail in the raw format in which I received it because it is a wonderful example of how a leading often works. A piece by Barry follows it. SCI-Muncy is a state women’s prison. Arthur's report comes next.

From: JANE KELLER [keller(at)lycoming.edu] [address modified by editor]
Sent: Saturday, July 16, 2005 1:01 PM
To: Gene Hillman
Subject: SCI Muncy work

Dear Gene,

RE our recent  phone call and your request for information: My involvement with SCI Muncy began more than 15 years ago.  As a member of Pennsdale MM, which is in close proximity to the women's prison at Muncy,  I developed a concern for the women there and the conditions of their confinement.  I was inspired by the work of Elizabeth Fry, who reformed Newgate prison in London and led the way for prison reform throughout Europe by simply visiting the women and working to meet their needs.  One person can always make a difference. In meeting for worship one First Day morning, my concern became a leading, yet I did not know how to act upon it.

One hardly knocks on a prison door and says, "Can I help someone?" Confused about how to proceed, I waited.  The wait was short.  In less than two months, Marian Dockhorn from Philadelphia, whom I had never met,  called me and asked me to visit an inmate who was a daughter of an old friend. This woman was subsequently exonerated from her life sentence and was released from prison with some support from Pennsdale Meeting.  From that beginning, I came in contact with other inmates, including  one lifer, now 80 years old,  who has become a close, personal friend.  As I sought other ways to effect change in this very troubled system, Arthur Clark brought the seed of an idea for the Clemency Project to Pennsdale Friends.  Again, way opened for us to make a difference. Through that work, I have become a visitor for  the Pennsylvania Prison Society and meet inmates on a regular basis, advocating for them when I can.

My work is greatly supported by Pennsdale Friends. In addition to their generous spiritual and moral support and guidance, they have provided funds for the STEP program for older inmates and have supported individual inmates as they have been led. They are active in support of the Clemency Project and two members, besides myself, are in the Working Group. [In addition, two other members] Barry and Juanita have done MUCH more than I have and I am somewhat embarrassed to  offer this info.

Barry Bishop (who Jane mentiones) is a recorded minister, recorded by his Meeting for the work he describes here.

Quaker Presence at SCI-Muncy

In 1989 some of the women inmates at SCI-Muncy requested an introduction to Quaker worship and ways, and since that time Friends from three local meetings (Lewisburg, Millville, and Pennsdale) have been facilitating weekly First Day worship.  Currently only Juanita and Barry Bishop of the Pennsdale Monthly Meeting, two of the original group of volunteers, enter Muncy to worship and dialogue with a small group of interested women.  The worship group has varied in size over the years, going as high as over forty women and down to as few as one or two.  At present the core group is about six to eight, most attending faithfully, and there are few First Days that Juanita and Barry are not able to be present.  There is an hour set aside on a First Day afternoon, and gatherings consist of about a half hour of silent worship followed by half an hour of discussion.

In the earlier days discussions were mostly informal conversations.  In more recent times there has been a focus on specific topics.  Currently the group is examining the Prayer of Saint Francis using scriptural references.  Other topics have included a study of the Quaker Testimony on Simplicity, a study of the development of Christian sectarianism, a Bible study of good and evil, and a comparative study of the Gospel of Thomas and Jesus' words in the synoptic gospels, to name a few.  Many of the topics are suggested by the women.  Silent worship is deep and meaningful, and many women have commented over the years that this is one of the few places in Muncy where silence for prayer and meditation is possible.  Some of the women attend other services also and some attend only the worship group.  Ages and sentences vary widely, and racially we are about evenly black and white.  Everyone attending, including Juanita and Barry, testify to the supportive nature of the community and the spiritual maturity of the worship.

Barry is a recorded minister, having had six units of Clinical Pastoral Education*, and he has been serving as a volunteer chaplain also.  He does rounds most First Days, visiting women in the Infirmary, Mental Health Unit, and Restricted Housing Unit.  Juanita often is able to speak to some of the women individually in the Chapel about various of their concerns.  Over the years staff at the institution have become used to the presence of these two Friends—originally we remember with humor Friends' being labeled "liberals and do-gooders"—and currently both experience warm acceptance and trust from guards and other officers.  There have been changes in Chapel leadership about fours times since we began, but in every case we have been supported completely in our work and calling by the chaplains and other Chapel staff.

*  see www.acpe.edu/

The Clemency Project of Upper Susquehanna Quarter

Introduction: As a consequence of a long standing concern by Upper Susquehanna Quarter Friends for enlightened treatment of prisoners incarcerated in the institutions of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections[PADOC], the Clemency Project Working Group was established early in the year 2000..  Under the oversight of the Clemency Project Working Group the Project focuses exclusively on enlightened executive clemency for prisoners serving life sentences in the PADOC..

Project Mission: Sentence commutation from life imprisonment to life on parole for qualified persons convicted of either first or second degree murder in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections[PADOC], when release would benefit the Commonwealth, the community of return and the co-victim[s] to the extent practical. Recognizing that of God in all persons with whom the Clemency Project is involved and seeking to promote positive personal change are essential conditions of this service.

As a consequence of political whim and expediency the incarceration of persons serving life sentences in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is spinning out of control and at great cost to our citizens. Governor Shapp [1971-1979] commuting the sentences of 255 lifers to life on parole and Governor Tom Ridge none. Sentence commutation for a lifer last occurred on January 9, 2003 when Governor Schweiker commuted the sentence of Ricki Pinkins from life imprisonment to life on parole

As of December 31, 1973 there was a total of 433 persons in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections [PADOC] serving life sentences. As of May 31, 2005 this total escalated  to become 3996 males and 149 females. With the PADOC annual budget presently exceeding one billion, three hundred million dollars per annum, 100 million dollars per annum may be a reasonable estimate of the present cost of incarcerating lifers in the PADOC.

Certainly the PADOC lifer population constitutes a broad spectrum with dangerous persons at one end who should never be released reaching to persons at the other end whose return would significantly benefit the communities to which they would return, the co-victims of the homicide and the Commonwealth.

The public must be assured that public safety and other conditions are not threatened by the release of the lifer to the community. Hence it is absolutely essential that those applicants qualified for sentence commutation to life on parole are reliably identified. To fulfill this responsibility the Clemency Project develops a profile of the applicant based on criteria such as the following:

            A.        quality of motivation to achieve positive self development and a                                                  meaningful life
            B.         quality of interpersonal relationships
            C.        commitment to truth and ethical behavior
            D.        quality of remorse for the consequences of the crime, attitude
                        towards the co-victim[s]; commitment to reconciliation 
            E.         positive change that the applicant has achieved and experienced
                        since the crime
            F.         quality of pre-release preparation and post release planning

            Three steps are taken to examine the applicant in terms of the above criteria:

1.         Document “A”

                        Persons serving life sentences in the PADOC as a consequence of either first or second degree murder who seek the assistance of the Clemency Project with an application to the Board of Pardons must, as a first step, complete and file Document “A” with the Project. Document “A” requires the applicant to present detailed information concerning the arrest, the crime, the co-victim[s] of the homicide , personal history  the trial proceedings,  pre release conduct, post release resources and other information.           

2          Case Analysis

            The Clemency Project team consisting of a behavioral scientist, a social worker and a lay person , jointly with staff examine each provisionally accepted application in accordance with the twelve factors set forth in Document “A”. . Over a period of months dialogue in depth by staff with the applicant occurs to define and obtain the information required by each of these factors.

            Action by the applicant to reestablish himself/herself in the community being particularly important, staff and applicant jointly develop a comprehensive post release plan. Recognizing that the long term living situation, relations with family and friends, support services when times of difficulty and crisis occur and meaningful, gainful employment must be in place, should sentence commutation occur, staff assists the applicant with the development of these resources. Opportunities for restitution and community service are carefully explored. and incorporated in the post release plan when practical

            Throughout the Case Analysis phase, staff, in consultation with the Evaluation Team, endeavors to establish a relationship with the applicant that inspires and motivates the applicant to work with confidence to achieve a meaningful, constructive life.

3.         Project Evaluation – The Decision to Accept or Reject The Case

                        The evaluation team and staff jointly classify the findings revealed through Case Analysis either as Positive Aspects or Negative Aspects and engage in a comprehensive evaluation process designed to reveal both the positive qualifications and negative aspects of the applicant. Periodically the results of this evaluation are reviewed by staff with the applicant so that the applicant can understand clearly what must be accomplished in order that acceptance by the Clemency Project will occur. At an appropriate time the Team reports to the Clemency Project Working Group recommending either acceptance of the case or return of the case to the applicant.

 

Friends Transition Support Services  by Pricilla Adams

Friends Transition Support Services (FTSS) is a project of Haddonfield Friends Meeting that works with people who are currently incarcerated, have previously been incarcerated or are at risk of incarceration. It also provides support for the families of these individuals and seeks to promote a more compassionate, constructive correctional system through public education and advocacy..  There is one paid staff person, Thomas Trantino, and everyone else volunteers their time.  The project has a steering committee of 10 people which makes all programmatic decisions, does all the fundraising, and the individual committee members work on specific projects within the program.  The Steering Committee is made up of Friends from numerous Meetings as well as non-Friends.  FTSS reports to the Peace & Social Concerns Committee and the Monthly Meeting. 

Friends from many walks of life contribute to the operation of FTSS. There are Friends whose careers are in the criminal justice field and who are led to put their faith into action through FTSS in ways that are impossible in their professional lives. There are Friends in FTSS who, because they have family members who have become caught up in the criminal justice system, are led to reach out from their own experiences of injustice and pain to help others who are suffering. And there are Friends who, although they have had little experience in this field, commit themselves to this work because their conscience and faith are touched by the plight of the individuals we serve and the social justice issues presented. Although a diverse group, all participating in FTSS share in seeing that of God in each person. Sadly, most of the people who become involved in the criminal justice system have never had other people see the Spirit within them. By doing so, those working with FTSS can have a profound effect on the lives of the people we serve.

I started this work as one of many issues that touched my conscience and faith. However, it quickly became a focal point for putting my faith into action. Witnessing the transformative power of reaching out to that of God in others has been a moving spiritual and social justice experience for me. The spiritual foundations of this work have touched and deepened my faith and have changed every component of my life - bringing a joyful increased awareness of the strength of the spirit in all of us and all we do.  And having developed deep and caring relationships with both individuals who are currently locked up and who have previously been locked up, I can feel the immense pain that our prison system creates and the fundamental conflicts between the inhumanities in our criminal justice system and my Quaker faith.  This has created a strong leading and commitment to work to change these systems that are so antithetical to my belief in honoring that of God in each person..

Friends Transition Support Services helps people with their individual needs, leads group programs that assist with reentry into the community, and through education and advocacy works to move our penal system away from its current emphasis on punishment and revenge towards rehabilitation and education. Our staff person, Thomas Trantino, uses his substantial inter-personal skills and spiritual gifts, as well as his own prison experience, to help individuals live their life as fully as possible, whether they are in prison, have been in prison, are addicted or in recovery, or are relatives of such individuals. He provides assistance both with discrete problems as well as with on-going situations sometimes lasting several years. In addition, he oversees the many educational programs we have offered. These have included anger management workshops for both women in recovery and men in a half way house; public panel presentations on reentry issues; a conflict transformation workshop at the Day Reporting Center for parolees; a women's group for women with loved ones in prison, on parole or in recovery; a mini-Alternatives to Violence workshop for women; a book group; a film program and a conference for Friends with family members in prison or reentry. Finally, we have given over 90 presentations concerning the work we are doing and the need for change within the criminal justice system.

For further information, contact Friends Transition Support Services through Priscilla Adams; 609-835-4285 or at peacepc(at)aol.com

Alternatives to Violence Project

The AVP program began in 1975 when a group of inmates at Greenhaven Prison [in New York …] collaborated with the Quaker Project on Community Conflict, devising a prison workshop. The program quickly spread to many other prisons. (from the AVP web page at www.avpusa.org).

The Alternatives to Violence Project and Quakers

By John A. Shuford, AVP/DE Coordinator

In 1989, I was asked by my meeting [Camden Friends Meeting near Dover, DE] to bring The Alternatives to Violence Project [AVP] into Delaware prisons.  I knew nothing about AVP, so traveled to New York State, where it originated, and received training as a facilitator.  I then did three apprentice trainings in Maryland before establishing a team in Delaware.  We did several community trainings before doing our first prison training in the fall of 1990.  Since then, we have done hundreds of workshops and have solid programs in every prison in Delaware.  It is considered to be the best outside program for inmates.  We have provided over 17,000,000 participant-workshop hours in the15 years of AVP/DE. 

Some of the workshop topics are: interpersonal skills, attitude, anger, stress, relationships, bias awareness, manly awareness, forgiveness, and consensus.  The advanced level workshops get very deep and are very powerful.  We are frequently asked by programs around the world for copies of our agendas.  Formal research shows that AVP reduces inmate write-ups by 60% and reduces recidivism dramatically, especially for violent offenses. 

AVP has had a major impact on my life.  When you continually teach it, it becomes you.  I try to live the principles every day in every interaction I have.  In 1994, I resigned my position as a health care administrator and began teaching AVP full-time.  I now do workshops for schools, businesses, non-profits and governmental agencies with a focus on corrections staff. 

AVP was started by Quakers in 1975, but today more non-Quakers are involved and it has spread over the US and the world.  What makes it so successful are the values instilled in it by the original AVP Quakers: community, respect, inclusiveness, nonviolence, consensus, speaking truth to power, integrity, patience and transforming power.  AVP is different from all other forms of experiential training in that it focuses first on creating community based on honesty, respect and caring.  Once this is established, participants’ barriers naturally fall and they become open to new ways of looking at themselves, the world, and all that is in it.  It taps into the innate health of everyone, no matter how hidden or covered up by fear, anger, hurt and resentment.  It is phenomenal to see closed angry people open-up and come alive.  And, AVP works equally well with all groups in all cultures.  In fact, it is currently being used in Rwanda to help the perpetrators and survivors of the genocide heal. 

Another Quaker value basic to AVP is empowerment and equality.  Inmates are trained as facilitators and have the same status as the outside facilitators.  We do not come in from the outside as teachers and the inmates are students.  We are all students and we are all teachers.  Many inmate facilitators are more skilled than the outside facilitators.  We all learn a great deal from each other.  By helping each other tap into our own innate health, we help transform our self-esteem, which literally transforms the world for us. As one inmate put it, “All my life, negativity was around me.  I am negativity.  I grew up in a war zone.  You have to look at life as a soldier, every day.  I would think about killing you, about hurting you.  AVP changed all that.  It took out the negative and put in positive.  It gave me a life style that I could live with, that I fell in love with, that I could use.  I saw something that worked and I grounded my life in it.  I now look for the good in others.  When I look in the mirror, for the first time in my life, I like what I see.  I like what I’ve become and what I’ve become inside.  It is a real high and I’ve been doing it for two years and I really love this feeling.”